Elements of Literature

The elements of literature connote the aspects that make up a piece or work of literature such as a poem, biography, prose, epic, story or play. To be able to write a complete work of literature, a writer, poet, or playwright needs to use certain elements of literature to make the work have meaning.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Elements of Literature specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The basic elements of literature found in most writings include the plot, setting, character, structure, conflicts, point of view and theme. These elements however differ from the various types of literature work. For example the literature elements found in novels or short stories might differ from those found in poetry or prose (Bhattacharyya, 2010). DiYanni in his work mostly focuses on theme as the main element of literature in his analysis of various works. Theme is the central idea or basic meaning that is underlying in a sto ry, poem, novel or play. The theme is identified in terms of looking at the characters in a literary work or the author’s perspective or view of the literature piece. The theme is seen to reflect the society or world as a whole (Werre, 2003). DiYanni (2007) explores the theme of denial in his comparisons of literature by Faulknet, Miller and Poe. He notes that denial is very prominent in the story of† A Rose for Emily† and in the play â€Å"Death of a Salesman† and in the poem â€Å"The Raven†. Within the play, the story and the poem each, the theme of denial is prominent because of the central character’s refusal to accept the reality. This creates a dreamlike situation that enables them to remain indifferent to the truth about their lives and surroundings. This state of denial is however seen to be a momentary solution to their problems. In his theme analysis of â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, the main character, Emily Grierson is seen to be withdrawn into her own unrealistic dream world. The people in the town she lives in feel that disrupting her unrealistic world will upset her causing her to react in a negative way. When her lover, Homer, tries to threaten her unrealistic world, she kills him and hides his body in an upper bedroom in her house. Homer’s body is discovered well after Emily’s death and funeral (DiYanni, 2007). Diyanni further analyses Emily’s character and her creation of the unrealistic world by looking at her actions that revealed she was in denial. In the story, we are told of how Emily keeps her father’s body for three days denying that he is dead and also denying the townspeople his body.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Her denial was evident in her refusal to believe that her father was dead despite persuasion from doctors and ministers who had called on her t o dispose of the body. Emily’s other denial was that she saw her marriage to Homer Barron and his existence to never have been real. This is evident in the quote: â€Å"The man himself lay in the bed†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ The body had apparently once lain in the attitude of an embrace, but now the long sleep that outlasts love has cuckolded him† (DiYanni, 2007, p.84). In the story, the town gets free postal delivery services which require that every town’s member have a mailbox and house numbers attached to their house. All the townspeople agree to have the mailboxes and numbers attached to their houses except Emily. She refuses to get a mailbox and house numbers hanged on her house which is see to be a form of denial. Other than the mail services, she refuses to pay tax to the local government (DiYanni, 2007). The townspeople also experience some denial where in a traditional stance; they claim that Emily is no longer a member of the upper social class because she does not possess the qualities to belong to that group. The townspeople believed the Grierson family held themselves in high esteem, more than what they truly were. The townspeople also deny that they have a right and obligation to inform Emily that there is a foul stench around her house. They withdraw from the reality by covering up the smell with sprinklings of lime around her house and all the outer buildings. The townspeople also deny that Emily and Homer could be in a love relationship because they think it would be improper for a lady like her to have a relationship with a day laborer from the North. They also deny that a lady from the Grierson family with such a high standing in society would take a person like Homer Barron seriously. They even go to the extent of denying the relationship by saying that grief would not cause a real lady to forget her high ranking social status in the town’s society (DiYanni, 2007). DiYanni’s next analysis of the theme of denial is in Miller’s play â€Å"Death of a Salesman. The main character of the play, Willy Loman, lives in a delusional world in which he is successful and adored by the people around him.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Elements of Literature specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Willy’s wife Linda and their two sons, Happy and Biff, support Willy’s unrealistic world because they do not want to disrupt his dreamlike state, claiming that he will eventually realize the truth on his own. Willy’s denial occurs when he denies that he is a mediocre salesman in the first Act of scene three. He claims that he is known in all of New of England in a conversation with his two sons (Diyanni, 2007). He further exaggerates the circumstance of his denial when he claims that he can park his car in any London street and no one would touch it because the police would protect it like it was their own. He also appea rs to be delusional when he claims that he never has to wait in line to see a buyer. Willy’s denial from reality is also evident where he is has an antagonistic view towards anyone or anything that wants to threaten his unrealistic world. This is evident when Willy tells off Bernard for saying that his son is about to fail school and also when he chases his son Biff out of the house for calling Willy a fake after discovering that he has a mistress . Willy’s wife Linda also faces some denial when she refuses to accept the fact that her husband tried to kill himself. These is evidenced where she writes a letter claiming that all the car accidents Willy had been involved were not accidents at all. She first removes and later replaces a rubber hose from behind the water heater that Willy used to try and kill himself with because she feels that removing the hose might insult Willy. Linda also contradicts the self-depreciating remarks that her husband makes. She is noted to say that her husband is the handsomest man in the world and that he doesn’t talk too much, he is just a man with a lively personality. She is also quoted as saying â€Å"There’s nothing to make up dear. You’re doing fine† (DiYanni, 2007). Linda summarizes the things that have pushed her husband into denial as being his old buyers who were also happy to see him and brought him constant business when he was a younger salesman. Now his buyers were either dead or retired. She also says that Willy drives for seven hundred miles without making any money from his long and tiring journey. To counter his wife’s statement about his fruitless sales journeys, Willy lies to his wife that the fifty dollars he borrows from Charley is the salary he makes when he goes on his seven hundred mile journey.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Willy’s sons are also in denial that there is something wrong with their father. They perpetuate Willy’s delusions by playacting out one of their father’s daydreams in which they are both successful businessmen. Happy is seen to be telling his brother about how they are going to sell start a sporting good line known as the Loman Line that will be worth a million dollars. On the other hand, Happy’s brother Biff is pretending to go for a job interview with Oliver who is his former boss. The job will make him to be a successful salesman for sports goods (DiYanni, 2007). When Biff confronts him with the rubber hose he used to try and kill himself with, Willy faces a nervous breakdown. Biff wants his father to acknowledge the fact that he was trying to commit suicide and he also confronts his father on the fact that Willy is not a successful salesman. He wants his father to accept the fact that he is a failure and a thief. In the events that lead up to his dea th, Willy has a last argument with his son after which he drives off in his car and later crashes it. This scene is viewed to be a reflection of Willy driving away from the truth and reality of himself and his mediocre life. The next theme of denial to be analyzed is Poe’s poem â€Å"The Raven†. The narrator of the poem attempts to deny the fact that his love, Lenore, is dead. He is faced with denial when he is made angry by the raven’s declarations that his lover Lenore no longer exists which in the end makes him view the raven as nothing more than just a bird. In stanza two of the poem, the narrator denies that his Love Lenore is gone where he states† Eagerly I wished the morrow; vainly I had sought to borrow from my books surcease of sorrow-sorrow for the lost Lenore† (DiYanni, 2007, p.1173). In the fifth stanza of the poem, the narrator faces denial when he states in the poem that he gazed down the hallway and stood there reveling in the fact tha t his lover was no longer among the living. His denial is in evidence again in the eighth and ninth stanzas when he refuses to accept the fact that he is lonely. The stanzas in the poem also reveal that the presence of the raven is seen to be a distraction from the narrator’s experience of solitude and loneliness after the loss of his lover. His denial of loneliness is also in evidence in the tenth stanza where he believes that the raven will leave at some point, likening its departure to that of his friends, his hopes and dreams. The narrator is in denial when he refuses to accept the fact that the raven is only just a bird. This is evident in the fifteenth and sixteenth stanza where he labels the raven to be a prophet of doom. He also likens the bird to a fiend and a devil. DiYanni compares the different characters of the play, poem and story noting that the narrator of the poem, Emily Grierson and Willy Loman are all similar in that they allow outside influences and their unrealistic worlds to affect their decisions. DiYanni also notes that all the three characters are lonely with the narrator being lonely from the death of his lover, Emily Grierson loosing both her father and Homer and Willy being the lone salesman trying to make a living. The characters are also lonely in that they live in their own delusional worlds which make it difficult for them to relate with the other characters in their lives, creating situations that are filled with tension and antagonism (DiYanni, 2007). The aspect of the main characters in the play, poem and story placing some distance between them and the truth creates a situation where they are unreceptive and antagonize anyone who tries to threaten and distort the truth about their unrealistic world. In each of the three works, death is seen to be a consequence of each characters extreme denial. In the case of Willy, the removal of denial from his life in the play gives him the motivation to commit suicide. Emily Grier son murders Homer as a result of a withdrawal from her unrealistic life while the narrator looses his sanity when he strains himself to question the reality of the raven (DiYanni, 2007), Another similarity of the three works is seen when the family of Willy helps to perpetuate his fantasies because they believe they have no right to interfere with his unrealistic world. This is similar to when the townspeople help to perpetuate Emily’s delusions. All the three characters deny reality because the truth to them will mean having to reevaluate their ambitions, goals, priorities which would mean redefining their happiness. Emily, Willy and the narrator use physical and violent outbursts as a way of showing their defiance and resistance to the fictional and factual true predicaments of their lives. The three characters also run from the truth about their unrealistic worlds by either committing murder as was the case with Emily killing Homer or committing vehicular suicide as done b y Willy or becoming mentally insane as evidenced by the narrator questioning whether the raven was truly a bird (DiYanni, 2007). The theme of denial in most of the works analyzed by DiYanni has revealed the fact that the character in focus by the author will most often face denial in the form of refusing to accept that their surroundings are real. The characters also refuse to accept that the existence of their friends and family members are real. They refuse to deal with their emotions and deny any confrontations with the people that are close to them. The characters are seen to violently refuse any person or thing that tries to threaten their world or alter their chosen view of reality. An intrusion into their dreamlike worlds results in disastrous consequences which are more than likely death or suicide. References Bhattacharyya, A. (2010) Elements of Literature. Web. DiYanni, R. (2007) Literature, reading fiction, poetry, and drama. 6th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. Werre, P. (2003) The elements of literature. Web. This essay on Elements of Literature was written and submitted by user Peyton C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

School Vouchers Essay

School Vouchers Essay School Vouchers Essay School vouchers: Are they effective or damaging? During the 1950s, Noble Prize winning libertarian economist, Milton Friedman, made the first proposal for American education to include a voucher system. However, it was not until the 1980’s when the nation’s first school choice voucher program came into effect, which was passed by the legislature of Wisconsin, and provided parents the opportunity to choose the school where they felt was appropriate for their child. The Friedman Foundation defined the notion of school choice in two parts: (1)†¦a common sense idea that gives all parents the power and freedom to choose their child’s education, while encouraging healthy competition among schools and other institutions to better serve students’ needs and priorities, [and] (2) a public policy that allows a parent/guardian or student to choose a district, charter, or private school, regardless of residence and location (www.edchoice.org). While the idea of school choice seems fitting and beneficial, especially to students who come from low-income families, there are many lies, dangers and threats seamed within the idea. School vouchers not only pose a serious danger to students and to the system of public education, but they also violate the separation between church and state. Beneficial†¦to an extent On its website, The Friedman Foundation provides an explanation to the significance and objective of school vouchers: Vouchers give parents the freedom to choose a private school for their children, using all or part of the public funding set aside for their children’s education. Under such a program, funds typically expended by a school district would be allocated to a participating family in the form of a voucher to pay partial or full tuition for their child’s private school, including both religious and non-religious options (www.edchoice.org). In a nutshell, vouchers are monies given to students in order to attend a school of their choice. The first sentence of the foundation’s explanation lays out the first benefit gained from the voucher program. What incites people to the idea of the voucher system is the opportunity that is given to low-income families to send their children off to an elite private school. While many are blinded by this aspiring opportunity, others, like Barbara Miner, look beyond the sugarcoated promises made by voucher programs. In her article, â€Å"Why I Don’t Vouch For Vouchers,† Miner makes a very interesting point by saying, â€Å"Private schools can control whom they accept and the terms upon which students stay enrolled. [†¦] The schools are to select on a random basis, [†¦] one problem, however, is enforcement. Who ensures that the rules are followed?† (1998). Parents do not realize that, although they are promised to be provided a better education for th eir children, they are never guaranteed that the child will be accepted to the school they choose, or whether they will succeed in a private school rather than in a public school. Yet again, Miner makes another thought-provoking point in questioning the furthering of segregation in schools through the voucher system. To provide an answer to this question she points out some statistics from a school in Milwaukee: In Milwaukee, the public schools are approximately 60 percent African American. At Divine Savior/Holy Angels and Pius XIth High Schools, only 3 percent of the students are African American. At Milwaukee’s most elite religious high school, Marquette University High School, 5 percent of the students are African American. Some religious elementary schools in Milwaukee do not have any African American students (Miner, 1998). Whether these numbers may just be sheer coincidence or intentional, the idea of providing vouchers to parents as a means of reserving the best possible education for their children do not come with a guarantee that the school they choose will be a safe haven and far better than public schooling. Another benefit gained

Answers of qustion the Business process management (BPM) Essay - 1

Answers of qustion the Business process management (BPM) - Essay Example Business Process Management tries to continuously improve business processes through decreasing costs and increasing revenues, thereby creating a competitive advantage over rival competitors (Rainer & Cegielski, 2011). In contrast, Capability Maturity Models refer to process improvement approaches aimed at helping an organization’s software development process. Capability Maturity Models were developed and promoted by the Software Engineering Institute (SEI), which is a research and development center that is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Defense (â€Å"What is Capability Maturity Model†). A Capability Maturity Model is used to present guidelines on process improvement during a project’s lifetime or with an entire organization. In both organizational development and software engineering, Capability Maturity Models serve as process improvement approaches. Through this, organizations get to assess essential elements, resulting in effective process improvement . Business Process Management governance and Capability Maturity Models allow product developers to achieve great levels of maturity in the software development process. Harmon (2007) points out that there are a number of factors that determine the maturity process of a software product in an enterprise.

Gender Representation of Children's Television cartoon Essay

Gender Representation of Children's Television cartoon - Essay Example from choices of clothes to toys etc. This prejudice also alters the behavior of parents for instance, for girls it can be seen that they are treated delicately while boys are usually treated discourteously. Due to the behaviors of families towards labeling children as boys and girls, within the 18 months of their birth, infants begin to learn the dissimilarities between two genders by themselves. In this way, between 18 to 20 months, the gender identity begins to be constructed. The idea of gender differences becomes clear in the minds of children by the age of two. â€Å"Although they have not fabricated a view of their own gender, they can differentiate females and males and learn to divide the world between women and men. They define behaviors of woman and man (stereotypes about sexuality)†. For instance, in a study which was conducted with the children below age of 2, children acknowledged that boys like to play with cars while girls like to play with dolls and boys like t o push whereas girls like to cry. They define activities of adults as belonging to male and female. They also define colors according to gender. At this age, children are able to determine their own gender correctly and they understand that gender is a permanent characteristic. In later years, children’s communication with friends and in their schools also leads them to construct biased attitudes towards the two genders. One of the most vital contributing factors in internalizing gender stereotypes in children is Media. Katz and Boswell (1986) identified that among children, media and peers are more effective than parents in developing gender identification. For children, many television programs are integrated with gender discrimination intensively.... For children, many television programs are integrated with gender discrimination intensively. In TV programs, it can be clearly seen that one of the two genders is posed as dominant while others are insignificant characters. A large number of programs reveal male as more dominant and powerful character as compared to female character. Many of the shows that are being shown on TV are ordinary lives of ordinary people reflected on the screen. According to Mutlu, (1999) â€Å"Shortly, television is the extension of people's common, ordinary feelings and interests on screen† (Mutlu, 1999). As Williams states, â€Å"most of the television programs are extensions of daily talk† (Williams, 1992). Therefore, it is possible that all the contents of TV programs are actually society’s beliefs, ideas and traditions that are broadcasted on TV. It is really important for parents to know what their children are watching. Television exposes children to those things from which pa rents are striving to protect the m especially drug abuse, violence etc. Along with the actual television programs, children also get influenced by what they see in advertisements during commercial breaks. There are many negative aspects of watching too much TV. Watching TV too much can cause bedtime resistance and anxiety around sleep. It is also followed by shortened duration of sleep. Another study suggested that there is a strong relationship between watching too much TV and aggressive behavior of children. Children who spend significant amount of time in watching TV during early adulthood and adolescence are more likely to act aggressively against others. Watching too much TV also causes the problem of overweight and inactiveness among children. In TV programs, gender discrimination is also actually a

Dubai Cultural environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dubai Cultural environment - Essay Example This is because culture may impact effective business performance in case it is not taken into considerations seriously. Dubai people who are the Arabs emphasize on generosity, respect and modesty and a persons’ honor is paramount because it is a way of communicating indirectly. The Arabs consider civility as a significant value and the status of an individual is well taken into considerations. Therefore, before the American Company make decisions of considering Dubai for their international expansion plans; they should fully understand the cultural environment of Dubai. The cultural environment of Dubai is unique because of the way cultural values of the Arabs put value on relationships an evident in which people can integrate work and socializing. The normal working period of the Arabs is from morning up to evening, and in between working period, there is a tea break and lunch break. The Arabs take a long lunch break, which is followed by resting and many breaks for praying. The Arabs beliefs that the long breaks offer a chance for the customers; thus turning out this to be an opportunity for successful business. Therefore, the American company should understand the way the Arabs integrate work and socialization. ... Hofstede carried out research analysis in order to determine significant cultural dimensions. He carried out varied cultural value dimensions that came from IBM labor force surveys that were conducted in more than 50 cultures between 1967 to 1973 (Ghemawat and Reiche 3). The research study aimed to reveal varied cultural dimensions including power distance, individualism or collectivism, uncertainty avoidance and masculinity or femininity (Ghemawat and Reiche 3). Therefore, these are among the significant cultural values dimension that the American company should take into considerations before planning to expand their business in Dubai. One of the cultural value dimensions that the American company investors should take into considerations before expanding their business is a high power distance. Power distance is the degree to which a certain culture accepts and reinforces the fact that power is distributed unevenly in the society (Ghemawat and Reiche 3). Therefore, the American Co mpany considering Dubai for its international expansion plans should understand power distance. This is essential because it will enable their business to thrive effectively; thus achieving successful business performance. The American company should understand that power distance is unfairly distributed in Dubai. This is because Dubai is one of the regions that have cultural values and customs that are rooted in Islamic laws. These laws may impact the business in different ways including on the way and when the business is conducted for organization design. Therefore, success of the American company can be based on understanding these differences and the ways Arabs approach situation better or worse than in other cultures. Some power distance varies

Oil And Ghee Industry Pollution

Oil And Ghee Industry Pollution Environmental degradation by the industrial sector is a matter of serious concern not only in Pakistan, but also all over the world. Steps have to be taken to initiate measures to combat pollution, thereby, enabling the industries to comply with the international local standards, e.g., National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) and the ISO 14000 certification. In Pakistan, there are 20 industrial sectors which are of the most concern. One of which is the edible oil and ghee sector. This report aims to address the environmental pollution problems of the Edible Oil sector. It has been compiled on the basis of the statistical data available on the sector both at global and national level and the information related to the case study from both primary and secondary data sources. The objective of this report is to assess the nature and extent of environmental problems caused by an edible oil industry, to quantify the pollution loads, water reuse and recycling, process modifications and recommendations. Many technological processes are carried out in order to obtain refined vegetable oils from seeds. The main processes include refining, degumming, neutralization, bleaching, deodorization and winterization. During these processes by-products and wastes are formed. The operating conditions and processes carried out influence the amount and characteristics of the by-products and wastes formed. The wastewater varies both in quantity and characteristics from one oil industry to another. The composition of wastewater from the same industry also varies widely from day to day. However, despite the use of these methods, disposal and waste treatment still remain major challenges in the fats and oils industries. One of the contributing factors as to why such wastewaters are difficult to treat is the complexity of their sources. Sources, among others, include heat exchangers, barometric condensers, gas scrubbers, cleaning of greasy floors and equipment, leakages, process water from the refining plant and soap stock splitting effluents. Moreover, vegetable oil refinery wastewater is known to contain chemical compounds like phenol, heavy metals from bleaching earth, catalysts used in the hydrogenation process, oxidizable substances and fats and oils. Because of quantity and characteristic variations and complexity, wastewater treatment to meet the desired effluent standards is complicated, and the choice of methods of wastewater treatment depends on many local conditions and, therefore, cannot be standardized. Water use minimization and wastewater reuse and recycling is a far better option to go for, especially when there are limited finances for end of pipe treatment methods. This could also involve process modifications for the oil and ghee industry. Research Objectives:- Air emission: Emissions are generally generated from the generators, boiler, and vegetable oil processing and oil extraction solvents. Level of effluents in an industry. Waste Water: Effluents are produced mainly from deodorization, boiler blow down, refinery section, neutralization, degumming etc. On average 12,600 m3/day of wastewater is generated having considerably high BOD (mg/L), COD (mg/L), TDS, TSS, etc. level of waste water produced in industry. Solid Waste: Effluents are produced mainly from deodorization, boiler blow down, refinery section, neutralization, degumming etc. On average 12,600 m3/day of wastewater is generated having considerably high BOD (mg/L), COD (mg/L), TDS, TSS, etc. Solid waste produced in industry. Theoretical frame work:- To formulate theoretical framework, first we need to enlist all the variables in our study and state the weather its independent or dependent. List Variables Air emission Independent variable Waste Water Independent variable Solid Waste Independent variable pollution Dependent variable The variable Pollution is dependent and it is the main focus of our research. All the other variables influence it. Increasing or decreasing Air emission caused by the production of edible oil and ghee directly affects air pollution. Likewise, any change in the amount of water waste or solid waste produced will also directly affect water pollution. As a result, if we minimize the air emissions, water and solid wastes than we will be able to bring pollution to a minimum level. This can be done by maximizing recycling and disposing off the wastes properly and safely. Literature Review:- Industrial pollution is also a major health risk in Faisalabad. According to Dr Amjad Ali Rana, a senior teacher at Community Medicine department of Punjab Medical College, Faisalabad: Here the diseases have some connection or the other with environmental pollution like skin diseases, asthma, TB, heart diseases, hepatitis and even cancer. They are found in greater ratio than any other city in Punjab. (By Dr. Amjad Ali Rana) He also reveals some terrifying consequences of industrial pollution in Faisalabad. According to findings of different studies, industrial pollution in Faisalabad is not only disturbing the Ozone layer in atmosphere, it is also becoming a source of its production on ground. On ground level ozone simply works as a poison. In winter it forms smog (smoke+fog) along with many other hazardous emissions of industries. This is why the death rate among infants and elderly people is more in four winter months in Faisalabad as compares to other eight months of the year. (By A. Sahi) In a survey conducted by PPI, revealed that presently almost five hundred factories were currently operating in the I-9 and I-10 industrial estates which were causing water and air pollution in the area. Out of the existing 500 plants, there were 204 manufacturing units in the area. Complaints of diseases like chest congestion and asthma, which were directly linked to air pollution, are frequent among I-9 and I-10 residents. The quality of air in these areas was never tested due to the non-availability of adequate facilities. Experts say that commissioning 500 more industrial plants in the area would increase pollution levels considerably. (By A Survey conducted by PPI) Environmental damage and pollution created by the oil industry have caused violations of the rights to good health and a clean environment, the right to an sufficient standard of living (including the right to clean drinking water and unpolluted food) and the right to have a livelihood through work for thousands of people. (By Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Oil companies have been exploiting weak regulatory system for much long. They do not effectively prevent environmental damage and they repeatedly fail to properly address the overwhelming impact that their dreadful practice has on peoples lives. (By Audrey Gaughran of Amnesty International.) More than half of the people in the region rely on the natural environment for their livelihood but pollution by the oil producing factories are destroying their essential resource. (By Audrey Gaughran) The Pakistan Environment Protection Agency (Pak-EPA) has asked owners of the industrial units in the Industrial Estate Islamabad to install efficient devices to control pollution in the federal capital. INTRODUCTION Industry overview: The selected Shan Oil and Ghee Industry is one of the biggest manufactures of oil and ghee in Lahore. In 1982, the unit of production is 30M tons per day. After the installation of new units in 1995, the production reaches 150M tons per day. The major product includes cooking oil, ghee and soap. The total area of Shan Oil and Ghee industry is around 10 Acre and covered area is 70% of the total area which make approximately 7 acre. Main departments include Office Block, refining section, boiler section oil storage section, Storage area, Hydrogen cracking plant, oil and ghee filling and storage section and CO2 filling section and solid scrap storage area. Location and Surrounding: Shan oil and ghee industry is located in Quaid-e-Azam Industrial Estate, Kot Lakhpat Lahore. Other prominent industry around the ABC oil and ghee industry is Hamdard Factory. Drainage Disposal The total area of Shan Oil and Ghee industry is around 10 Acre and covered area is 70% of the total area which make approximately 7 acre. Main departments include Office Block, refining section, boiler section oil storage section, Storage area, Hydrogen cracking plant, oil and ghee filling and storage section and CO2 filling section and solid scrap storage area. Importance of Oil and Ghee Industry: Consumers use it widely in commercial as well as in home applications. The oil is used in stir-fry dishes, snack foods, seafood, vegetables and different foods around the globe. It can be used in place of any vegetable oil. Generally it is used to make mayonnaise, sauces, salad dressing and marinades etc. It can be used for baked goods as well as for spreads on foods such as bread and muffins. In refined shape, cottonseed oil is nearly clear and provides very little taste, serving mainly as a catalyst for holding ingredients together. SECTORAL INFORMATION: Role of Oil and Ghee Industry in the National Economy: The number of small and medium enterprises producing Vegetable oil and ghee amounts to 160 presently. The total capacity of these plants is approximately 2 million tons per annum. An additional advantage of vegetable oil production is that one of its by product is soap which is sold separately and it also has a very good role on our economy. The total number of solvent extraction plants is nearly 50 at the moment. The net worth of oil production by these plants in rupee terms is 17 billion. According to the latest research the average Pakistani consumes 16- 18 kg in a year. The actual demand increase at the rate 4.4 % from 1988 to 2000 whereas the domestic production increased by 7.3% during the same period. Role of oil and Ghee Industry in the Global Economy: The production of oil depends on the large scale industries as far as the production in Pakistan is concerned its total quantity cost. The cooking oil and vegetable ghee industry is a large manufacturing sector. In Pakistan its production was 4000 tons in 1950s, it has grown to about 60,500 tons in 2000. However, the actual demand is approximately 117,000 tons; a shortfall has been witnessed over the last two decades. This shortfall is made up through the import of cooking oils, which are added to the local production. Pakistan imported edible oil worth Rs. 11,500 million in 2001-02 and it is still increasing. In 1976, the Ghee Corporation of Pakistan was established to manage the affairs of this industry. Edible oil consumption has been increasing at an annual rate of 9% over the past 10 years, and countrys production has risen only 2% per annum. At present indigenous production of cotton seed oil, and other edible oils meet only 35%, of the total requirement of the country and the rest 65% is imported. There are 160 units producing ghee and cooking oil with an installed capacity of around 2.5 million tonnes and 1.7 million tonnes to meet annual national requirements of about 14 million tonnes. The total installed capacity of Ghee/ Edible Oil is about 3.3 million tons. The total annual domestic demand of edible oil in the country is around 2.9 million tons (including 0.2 Million tons export to Afghanistan), however the local production of edible oil is around 1.3 million tons per annum. The rest of the demand is being met through imports. Imported palm oil constitutes around 56-58 % of all oil used for production of edible oil/ghee in Pakistan. Questionnaire (customer sample):- Dear participants, I am the student of business administration in the university of central Punjab (UCP) are conducting survey on the comparative study on oil and ghee industry pollution and its effects on human lifes. I am delighted to select you as participant and your contribution in this effort will be highly appreciated select the suitable choice by marking or encircling. 1Q. How far is your home situated to the nearest oil and ghee manufacturing company? 2Q. Do the industry dispose off its gaseous waste directly into air? 3Q. Have you noticed any changes in the flavor or color of the water supplied to you? 4Q. Have you experienced any foul smells near the oil and ghee industrial area? 5Q. What percentage of your daily diet is composed of oil and ghee products? 6Q. Do you recommend the shan oil and ghee products? 7Q. Does the pollution from the oil and ghee industries cause thermal pollution? 8Q. Does the industrial pollutants contain health hazardous substances? 9Q. Does the environment pollution caused by the oil industries increase the incidence of asthma, chest congestions, cough etc in the population? 10Q. Is the increase in pollution contributed by these industries linked with increased appearance of cancer? 11Q. Does this type of pollution assist in the spread of any lethal diseases e.g. tuberculosis, cholera, malaria, dengue etc? 12Q. Do you drain your waste water directly into the sea or ocean or is it detoxified and uncontaminated first?

An experiment to investigate whether concentration of acid has an :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

An experiment to investigate whether concentration of acid has an effect on the reaction rate of the reaction between Calcium Carbonate and Hydrochloric Acid. 1. The key factor I plan to investigate and what I will do to make my experiment a fair test The factor that I plan to investigate is whether the concentration of acid (the acid being HCl) has any effect on the rate of reaction between Calcium carbonate and Hydrochloric acid. I will vary the concentration and calculate rate of reaction, and calculate the effect of the factor by measuring the amount of gas given of during the reaction, and finding out how much gas is given of every 15 seconds. I will collect the gas by bubbling it into a gas collection tube in a water bath. I will use five different concentrations 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, and 40% acid. I will mix acid with water to get the desired concentration, and for each experiment I will keep the volume of the acid and water combined at 50 ml. For example in order to 80% concentration I will mix 40 ml of acid, and 10 ml of water. For each different concentration I will conduct 3 identical experiments, and collect my results every 15 seconds. I will then average out the three different results for one particular time and produce one result. I will collect 8 results per an experiment. I will repeat any measurements that don't appear to follow the general trend. Also to make sure that results are accurate I will use a 100 ml measuring tube with marking for every 1 cm3. I will measure the liquid in a test tube with 1 cm3 marking. I will conduct my experiment in the laboratory. The equation for this experiment is: CaCo3 + 2HCL CaCL2 + H2O + CO2 The variables I plan to control 1. Surface area: The surface area of each marble chip should be kept relatively the same because due to collision theory if more surface area is available the number of particles of solid reactant available for collision will increase. Therefore more collisions can occur, and it is likely there will be more collisions with sufficient energy to successfully lead to a reaction. I might not be able to keep the surface area of my marble chips exactly the same but I will attempt to keep it as similar as possible. 2.Volume of liquid: I will keep the amount of liquid at 50 ml, because if I don't keep the amount of liquid constant I will change the amount of acid in contact with the marble chips, because if there is more HCL

B2B Organizational Marketing

Present day market leaders confront a number of challenges in securing new orders and customers. These challenges may take the form of a larger number of players influencing the customer decision process, increased buying criteria, greater expectations of faster feedback, and more expectations from the customers that the sales force understand the customer’s requirements. The customers have become more demanding and the competitors have become more productive which have also increased the challenges being faced by the businesses.The businesses are expected to possess the characteristics of flexibility, speed, easiness in dealing, fast, resilience, customer focus, and human warmth in their dealings (Rick Wolfe). Being a business based on the impulse and moods of the customers, the leisure cruise business needs much of these factors to be integrated into them for being successful in attracting more and new customers.This paper attempts to make a detailed report on the marketing techniques and business issues relating to the Carnival Cruise Lines and Crystal Cruise Lines who are the players in the same line of business with different marketing approaches to the business. Carnival Cruise Lines – A Background The evolution and growth of Carnival Cruise Lines marked the redefining of the leisure cruise industry. The company approached a diverse market adopting a novel theme of ‘Fun Ships’ adequately supported by competitively low pricing.There was increased pressure from competition which forced the company to have a relook into its ‘Fun Ship’ brand, without disturbing the equity content of the brand already developed by the company. From the points of view of the customers the cruise lines do not have any differentials. Hence it became necessary for the Carnival Cruise Lines to differentiate them to the customers by providing upgraded product features, efficient service, and a brand image which is not only convincing but also sophisticated.The 2,974 passenger capacity 110,000 ton Carnival Liberty was set to sail in July 2005. Built at $ 500 million the ship was the twenty first vessels in the fleet of Carnival Cruise Lines and it gave the company more passenger carrying capacity than any other cruise lines. The company arranged cruises covering more than three million guests during the financial year 2004 and the company’s revenues were in the region of $ 9. 73 billion, with net earnings of $ 1. 85 billion in the year 2004.The company has been maintaining its principles to adhere to the term ‘Fun Ships’ throughout the year and a time has come when the top leaders of the company have to have a rethinking on the level of customer service so that they can still maintain the brand image. This was due to the fact that there have been increased expectations and renewed competition in the industry. Marketing Strategy of Carnival The company had to develop its marketing strategy purely out of necessity. At a certain point of time Carnival did not have to make an advertising campaign to promote its cruises.In fact at that time no cruise lines made any efforts to advertise. During the start up years which were lean the onboard product was limited. The customers’ expectations were also limited as the cruise products that were available were still relatively new to the market and to the customers. The ‘Fun Ships’ concept of marketing was set in motion by Dickinson for the first time in the 1973 when he took charge as the vice-president sales of Carnival. He was inspired by the concept of ‘Happy ship’ promoted by Commodore Cruise Lines.This promotion started at a time when the cruise marketing focused its attention on the destinations covered by the cruises rather than the ships that were used for the cruises. The cruising during these times was promoted as a highbrow, luxurious experience. However Carnival adopted a different marketing strat egy by reasoning that ‘fun’ was what people really wanted to experience in a vacation. The company promoted the cruise in Mardi Gras as a fun-ship experience while cruising instead of promoting the cruises on the basis of destinations.This way Carnival decided to send a message that was unique in the cruise industry. (20) The marketing strategy of the company centered round the policy of the company to anchor the brand ‘Fun Ships’ to coincide with its positioning strategy. This enabled Carnival build an unmatched value proposition on the promise of fun during the cruise. This promise of fun has been made the marketing strategy of the company for at least the next thirty years of its existence.In quite contrast to the other cruise line customers Carnival through its ‘Fun Ships’ marketing theme attracted middle-class customers who are relatively young. To these kinds of customers Carnival offered full casinos, live music, discos, and wild daytime activities–including belly-flop, beer-chugging, and hairy-chest contests which were offered for the first time by any cruise. These fun based activities were quite different from the existing idea of in-cruise entertainment of shuffleboard and afternoon tea.With a view to make improvements in these fun activities Carnival built the new ships starting from the year 1980 providing for the facilities for the fun activities with bright colors and neon lighting unlike anything before seen in a cruise ship. These were quite different and shocking to the traditional ship owners. Carnival used the first-time cruisers as tools for the market development strategy for communicating the brand message of ‘Fun Ships’. The company articulated the ‘Fun Ships image by showing the ships and the possible entertainment architecture within the ships.The company promoted the marketing theme as ‘having fun comprising of guests â€Å"dining, dancing, playing, swimming, sun ning, and socializing at affordable price†. The company has started the advertising commercials in the 1984 and was the first cruise to advertise on the Television. The marketing objective of the company remained provision of fun all along the cruise. The company however continued to have the marketing objective to â€Å"introduce vacationers to cruising and to reinforce the image of Carnival as the essence of fun† (J. Robert Kwortnik Jr 2006).Challenges to Carnival’s Market-Leadership The major challenge to the marketing efforts of Carnival and a threat to its market-leadership position, is the continuous copying of the ‘Fun Ships’ brand by the competitor lines. For example the Royal Caribbean’s product offering of adventure-theme challenged the fun concept of Carnival Cruise Lines by an active-adventure version of Royal Caribbean; similarly the next generation of the ships of Royal Caribbean had a water theme park which would challenge Carni val Line’s water-park innovation.Another threat to the market position of Carnival arises due to the repositioning of the brand. This may be the result of the tension faced in the development of brand image which is characterized by the improvements in the product. However the management steers the brand toward a more sophisticated version of fun, the risk of mixed signals and brand confusion This makes the a brand's equity as more a function of the customers for a particular brand than the function of the brand. Crystal Cruises – a Background Crystal Cruise offers a hybrid style of cruising experience which is intriguing.Though the cruise line is decidedly upscale, its ships are larger ones quite unlike its luxury line competitors. These ships have the capacity of carrying 940 passengers. NYK lines of Japan own Crystal Cruises. The company founded in the year 1990 is based in Los Angeles. The earlier ships owned by the company included a 940-passenger ship by name â⠂¬ËœCrystal Harmony. This ship was first launched in the year 1990. The ‘Crystal Symphony’ was the second one to follow and also has a passenger carrying capacity of 940-passengers.The company added to its fleet the new ship ‘Crystal Serenity’ with a capacity of 1080 passengers which first sailed in the summer of 2003. The company has sold the ship ‘Crystal Harmony’ in the year 2005 to have once more only two ships in its fleet (Cruise Critic). Though the company has only two ships it has earned the distinction of one of the best cruise lines in the world with the extravagance of services it offers on board the ships. The added feature which enhances the marketing ability of the Crystal is the health club products it offers on board its ships including the Spa.Crystal Serenity is the largest ship of Crystal Cruise. This ship has all the facilities that the cruises of Crystal normally provide. These features include a Sushi Bar, a tennis court, and a board room offering variety of wines. The ship also provides a state – of – the – art children’s play area known as ‘Fantasia’ and also a teen center. There is also an indoor/outdoor pool and a higher ratio of balcony cabins and about 85 percent of the staterooms are having verandahs. The attractiveness of Crystal Cruise is magnified by its getting the ISO 14001 certification for its fleet-wide environmental management system maintenance.In continuation of its environmental management program the company is continuously establishing new goals to minimize the degradation to environment by reducing the use of plastics and increased recycling and enhanced fuel efficiency (Even Keel). Marketing Strategy of Crystal Cruises Crystal’s bigger ships carrying more passengers are one of the marketing points as against its smaller competitors. The company has a unique characteristic of having a highest guest-to-staff and largest guest-to-spa ce ratio.This has won more number of repeat passengers. The smaller line competitors do not have the facilities to compete with Crystal. â€Å"The facilities that crystal offer include biggest-ships-in-luxury-class status along with far more options, in terms of entertainment, socializing, casinos, spa and fitness facilities, activities, and enrichment opportunities† (Cruise Critic). â€Å"The renowned Crystal experience is distinguished by incomparable service, abundant space, extensive choices, and superior quality† (Crystal Cruise).Crystal Cruises is offering a program known as ‘Share the Experience’ which offers membership to its repeat customers to ‘Crystal Society’. The members of this society are given $ 100 shipboard credit when they are able to persuade a first timer to take a cruise with crystal. Crystal has roughly 60 percent of its customers as first timers to the cruise line. The marketing strategy of the company is to bring in mo re new customers and increase the ratio of new customers. The company believes in getting more to the new people for its growth (Christopher Elliott, 2007)The product offering by Crystal includes the ‘Crystal Spa’ the only Feng Shui- designed Spa on board any ship is one of the major marketing points for Crystal. â€Å"Superior service, state-of-the-art facilities and amenities, such as treatment rooms, saunas and a private sun deck or relaxation area with expansive ocean views, propelled the luxury line's Crystal Spa into first place among the magazine's savvy travelers who placed it alongside, and even above, some of the foremost spas in the world† (Crystal Cruises).The other area where Crystal concentrates to improve the satisfaction of its customers is the service being provided by its extraordinary staff which makes the cruises with crystal a unique experience. The company claims that their attention to details is the strength of its marketing and the compan y also provides a personalized experience with a boutique ‘Crystal Adventures’ and other customized ‘Crystal Private Adventure’.â€Å"The line’s glamorous casinos, array of evening entertainment and creative culinary venues and menus — such as the cuisine of master chef, Nobu Matsuhisa — rate high among those seeking quality choices on their floating luxury resort† (Article Avenue). Marketing Strategies of Carnival and Crystal – A Comparison While Carnival Cruise Lines are perceived to have action packed fun and look for younger and value driven customers, Crystal Cruise targets older generation customers who are keen to receive five star services aboard luxurious ships.The basic distinction in the marketing concepts of both the lines lies in the way they perceive the preferences of the customers. On the basis of the products that these lines can offer they select their customer bases and arrive at the marketing strategies . The idea of getting more number of new customers is considered unique as far as Crystal is concerned since the company feels that with the extravagant service it offers on board it can make them repeat their visits to their cruises.By taking more care on the health aspects with the provision of Spa and other extensive health club facilities the travelers will feel more at land than at sea. This coupled with the provision of the highest guest service with more number of attendants and staff would make the customers feel that their travel was filled with an experience quite different and they may decide to experience it once again. In the case of Carnival the marketing strategy involves more value in terms of fun at lesser cost while cruising. The cost factor is taken as the base of promoting their product offering.The customers that Carnival caters to being young ones the company takes more care to provide as many number of recreation facilities to the customers so that they repeat their visits to the cruise. Conclusion In general as the sales teams deepen their knowledge about the customer’s needs and preferences they are able to pinpoint the metrics that the customers will make use of for making an assessment of the product offerings by different vendors. This gives rise to several variations and product differentiations by the suppliers to meet the requirements of different customers.This is evident from the fact that two cruise lines’ – Carnival and Crystal – product offerings. It is observed that both of the lines have different marketing objectives and different set of customer segments to cater to and serve. While Carnival has the marketing strategy of having fun during the cruise and attract younger customers, Crystal looks for increased number of new customers with a product offering of fun combined with health with the offering of the state of the art Spa and other connected facilities aboard to attract the customers. Ref erencesArticle Avenue ‘Information and Tips for a Cruise Ship Vacation’ Christopher Elliott (2007) ‘Strategies to Make More Passengers Maiden Voyagers’ The New York Times dated February 25th 2007 Cruise Critic ‘Crystal Cruises’ Crystal Cruise ‘Crystal Cruises Celebrates Thanksgiving and Fall Sailings with Family â€Å"Values† ‘ Crystal Cruises ‘Crystal Cruises Named No. 1 Cruise Line Spa by the Readers of Conde Nast Traveler’ Even Keel ‘Cruise Line News: Crystal Cruise’ J. Robert Kwortnik Jr (2006) ‘Carnival Cruise Lines: Burnishing the brand’ http://www. allbusiness. com/accommodation-food-services/1190122-1. html Rick Wolfe ‘The New B2B Marketing Dashboard’

Your First Job Out of College

​Your First Job Out of College Congratulations! You are going to enter the professional environment and start your career. Now your whole life is stretching out before you and you will face a new world of challenges. Remember how big your campus seemed when you arrived as a freshman? There were a lot of unknown people, everything was unfamiliar and challenging. Be ready to feel like a freshman again, now at work. What to Expect from Your First Job You need to be ready that your first job after college wont be your dream career. Sure, it will teach you some immeasurable skills and you will get that so much needed real world experience, but it doesnt mean that youre going to do the things you enjoy most of all. You may not even know what your dream job is. There is a lot of pressure to get a position after graduation because you have such high expectations and not enough practice. Most likely youll have to deal with the routine tasks. Before you get the cool assignments, you need to show your employer that you can handle the simple operations. If you only start searching for a job, this post on how to write a resume with no job experience will be very useful for you. The payment may not also be as you are hoping to get because most entry-level jobs offer entry-level salaries. Thats why think carefully before accepting a job offer, this will be your income for the next year or at least several months. For this reason, you should get to know effective salary negotiation tactics for college students. All in all, you have to realize that the point of your first employment is to try out different responsibilities, types of work to understand what you absolutely love. Linkedin has recently posted the list of the most popular first jobs based on resumes. How to Make the Most of a New Workplace Experience Your attitude to a new job will determine whether your experience will be a positive and fruitful one. Here are some practical tips and strategies to take the mostrld of grown-up opportunities: Approach every task with enthusiasm. You need to deal with all the tasks and duties in a confident and efficient manner. Apply the â€Å"can do† approach on a regular basis, be attentive to details and dont forget to smile. Be a team player. Treat other people positively and demonstrate how well you can communicate. Youll work much better altogether and succeed faster which is essential for every business. Keep learning new things. Always look for the opportunities to improve your knowledge. Learn new things, develop essential skills and youll be amazed at how fast you grow. Join professional groups. Attend meetings, training sessions, join national and regional groups to share your experience and develop professionally. Find a mentor. A good mentor will greatly help you after graduation by keeping you motivated and focused all the time. Find someone you admire and ask them to help you at the early stages. Offer to help others. If you have some free time and know how to help your co-workers with some tasks, suggest your assistance. Youll cast yourself in a positive light. Building relationships at your first job is very important. Check out the ways to build relationships with colleagues at your first job. Make Sure to Avoid the Common Mistakes This is going to sound almost impossible, but try to make your first job experience ideal. New graduates always make the mistakes when they are facing a tough job market, so to have a better chance of success, you need to overcome the common problems. Here are some really useful pieces of advice that will turn your first job into a really effective and memorable â€Å"adventure†: Be proactive enough – dont sit back being casual in your work. Dont rely solely on the Internet, take advantage of networking and cooperation with colleagues. Never focus on searching a dream job, instead look for your first job. Try not to set expectations too high. Dont waste time and start making useful connections. Avoid looking unprofessional – delete all â€Å"three Bs† photos (beer, bongs, bikinis) from your profile page. Youll only have one first job, so make everything possible not to turn it into a nightmare. Remember to have fun, make new friends and youll have an exciting and positive professional experience!

Ethan Frome essay essays

Ethan Frome essay essays Frustration is an unavoidable feeling that can be caused by many things. Everybody feels frustration at least once in a while, however in Edith Whartons Ethan Frome, Ethan Frome is frustrated most of his life. Ethan is a victim of frustration due to his residence in Starkfield, his wife Zeena, and his physical condition after the accident. Ethan Frome lives in Starkfield, Massachusettes. He has lived there his whole life fifty-two years. Starkfield has nothing to offer, the climate is wintery half of the year which makes the farming season short. Most people living in Starkfield are not very intelligent or skilled. This is because most of the smart people move away from Starkfield. Ethan had the potential to get out of Starkfield however he had to stay to take care of his family. As Harmon Gow told the narrator Somebody had to stay and take care of the folks. There warnt anybody but Ethan. Fust his father-then his mother-then his wife. (Wharton 3) It is frustrating for Ethan to be living in Starkfield with no real future ahead of him. The frustration is greater because he had the potential to move away from Starkfield and make a future for himself. He had even began a higher education at college in Worcester however, his fathers death put a premature end to his studies. Zenobia Frome is Ethans cold hearted wife. The only reason Ethan married her is so he would not be alone, this incorrect reason for marriage is clearly evident in their relationship. Conversation is seldom and when the two talk it is an unemotional pragmatic conversation not intended for any enjoyment He and Zeena had not exchanged a word after the door of their room had closed on them. Zeena is the primary cause of Ethans frustration. Zeenas main goal in life is to torture Ethan. Zeena brought Mattie into the house just to torture Ethan. Zeena knows that ther ...

Mechanical Principles, Complex Loading Assignment

Mechanical Principles, Complex Loading - Assignment Example 27). There occur changes in dimensions when a body is subjected to an axial force. Considering a bar of length l, breadth b and thickness t, it changes dimensions to l+Éâ€"l, b+ Éâ€"b and t+ Éâ€"t respectively (Gere & Goodno, 2012: P. 27). When subjected to an axial force, whether compressive or tensile, then, The Bulk Modulus of a solid material is the ratio of direct stress exerted on a body to the volumetric strain exerted on the same body, provided both are kept within the elastic limit of the material of which the body is made of. As thus, it is the resistance of a body to compression under uniform force (Gere & Goodno, 2012: P. 42). As such, one parameter be worked out if the others are known, and therefore, there is no further need for complicated derivation of each formula. However, on its own, the Elastic Modulus can calculated from the formula: Modulus of Elasticity (elastic modulus) can be defined as the ratio of shear stress to the shear strain exerted on a body. As thus, it denotes a body’s ability to undergo temporal elastic deformation when a force is exerted on it. Modulus of rigidity of a material refers to its ability to resist angular change that is bound to occur when the body is exposed to external stresses. The stresses may lead to the formation of an angle in relation to the original position of body. As such, the modulus of rigidity is the coefficient, or measure o resistance to the formation of this angle (Gere &Goodno, 2012: P.

Case Study for ODP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Case Study for ODP - Essay Example As the reporter declares "my mentor, Dr. Hughes, supervised me as I took Mary and Mrs. Silvestre through the theater admission procedures. After sometime, Mrs. Hughes resolved to speedily nip to the lavatory in the process so as to get back, and relocate the patient into theatre. He left me to complete the remaining procedures and prepare the patient for admission. During this time, I observed that the agreement form had been contracted by Mary and a comment added to the notes that Mary thought she was pregnant. I proceeded to confirm this comment setting Mary free for theater admission after completing all required procedures. After transferring Mary into theatre, my mentor attempted to supplement a cannula in Mary’s hand. To my utter amazement, Mary was startled by a sharp pain inflicted upon her by the inserted cannula. She immediately withdrew her hand resulting in the cannula becoming dislodged with some blood spillage. I privately ask Dr. Hughes why such a unique occurre nce was taking place, and she quickly confessed that she had not really attempted a cannula procedure unsupervised before. I concluded that she must have forgotten to follow certain necessary procedures resulting into the pain experienced by the patient and consequently, the blood spillage upon withdrawal." Operating department practitioners (ODPs) have a huge role to play in seeing forth the liberation of patients from the anguish of various diseases. The situations to which operating department practitioners are often exposed as health care professionals are sometimes so complex and demanding including serious issues of health and wellbeing of various patients.